What Is a Coup d’Etat Definition and Examples

A coup detat is the sudden, often violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group. The coup detat, also known as coup, is typically an illegal, unconstitutional seizure of power conducted by a dictator, a guerrilla military force, or an opposing political faction.   Key Takeaways: Coup d'Etat A coup detat is the illegal, often violent overthrow of an existing government or leader by a small group.Coups detat are typically conducted by aspiring dictators, military forces, or opposing political factions.Unlike revolutions, coups detat usually seek only to replace key government personnel rather than forcing sweeping changes to the country’s fundamental social and political ideology. Coup d’Etat Definition In his dataset of coups, University of Kentucky political scientist Clayton Thyne defines coups d’etat as â€Å"illegal and overt attempts by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive.† As a key to success, groups attempting coups typically seek to gain the support of all or parts of the country’s armed forces, the police, and other military elements. Unlike revolutions, which are undertaken by large groups of people seeking sweeping social, economic, and political change, including the form of government itself, a coup seeks only to replace key government personnel. Coups rarely change a country’s fundamental social and political ideology, such as replacing a monarchy with a democracy. In one of the first modern coups, Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the ruling French Committee of Public Safety and replaced it with the French Consulate on November 9, 1799, in the bloodless Coup of 18-19 Brumaire. More violent coups were common in Latin American nations during the 19th century and in Africa during the 1950s and 1960s as the nations gained independence.   Types of Coups d’Etat As described by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in his 1968 book Political Order in Changing Societies, there are three generally recognized types of coups: The breakthrough coup: In this most-common type of takeover, an opposing group of civilian or military organizers overthrows the seated government and installs themselves as the nation’s new leaders. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, in which Russian Communists led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin overthrew the tsarist regime, is an example of a breakthrough coup.The guardian coup: Typically justified as being for the â€Å"broader good of the nation,† the guardian coup occurs when one elite group seizes power from another elite group. For example, an army general overthrows a king or president. Some consider the 2013 overthrow of former Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as part of the Arab Spring to have been a guardian coup.The veto coup: In a veto coup, the military steps in to prevent radical political change. The failed 2016 coup conducted by a faction of the Turkish military in an attempt to prevent what it considered Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s assault on secularism could be considered a veto coup. Recent Examples of Coups d’Etat While they have been recorded since about 876 BCE, significant coups d’etat continue to take place today. Here are four recent examples: 2011 Egyptian Coup d’Etat On Feburary 11, 2011, 30-year Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigned, launching the country into an era of reform. Monique Jaques / Getty Images Beginning on January 25, 2011, millions of civilians staged demonstrations demanding the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The protestors’ grievances included police brutality, denial of political and civil liberty, high unemployment, food-price inflation, and low wages. Mubarak resigned on February 11, 2011, with power handed over to a military junta, headed by the effective head of state Mohamed Hussein Tantawi. At least 846 people were killed and over 6,000 injured in violent confrontations between protesters and Mubarak’s personal security forces. 2013 Egyptian Coup d’Etat The next Egyptian coup detat took place on July 3, 2013. A military coalition led by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed recently-elected President Mohamed Morsi from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution adopted after the 2011 coup. After Morsi and leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood were arrested, violent confrontations between Morsi’s supporters and opponents spread across Egypt. On August 14, 2013, police and military forces massacred hundreds of pro-Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood protestors. Human Rights Watch documented 817 deaths, â€Å"one of the worlds largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history.† As a result of the coup and ensuing violence, Egypt’s membership in the African Union was suspended. 2016 Turkish Coup d’Etat Attempt People shout, gestures and hold Turkish national flags as they gather in Taksim square in Istanbul, on July 18, 2016 following the military failed coup attempt of July 15.   DANIEL MIHAILESCU / Getty Images On July 15, 2016, the Turkish military attempted a coup against President Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan and his Islamic secular government. Organized as the Peace at Home Council, the military faction was defeated by forces loyal to ErdoÄŸan. As reasons for the attempted coup, the Council cited an erosion of strict Islamic secularism under ErdoÄŸan, along with his elimination of democracy and human rights violations related to his oppression of the ethnic Kurdish population. Over 300 people were killed during the failed coup. In retaliation, ErdoÄŸan ordered the arrests of an estimated 77,000 people. 2019 Sudanese Coup d’Etat Sudanese supporters of the ruling Transitional Military Council (TMC) hold up a sign showing a portrait of its head General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan with a caption below reading in Arabic Al-Burhan, upon you is the trust, during a rally in the centre of the capital Khartoum on May 31, 2019.   ASHRAF SHAZLY / Getty Images On April 11, 2019, iron-fisted Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir was removed from power by a faction of the Sudanese military after nearly 30 years in office. After al-Bashirs arrest, the countrys constitution was suspended and the government was dissolved. On April 12, 2019, the day after al-Bashir’s overthrow, Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan was sworn in as chairman of Sudans ruling Transitional Military Council and official head of state. Sources and Further Reference Definition of Coup dEtat www.merriam-webster.com.Powell, Jonathan M. (2011). Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research.Huntington, Samuel P. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. Yale University Press.Derpanopoulos, George. (2016). Are coups good for democracy? Research Politics. ISSN 2053-1680.

Alternative Learning System in the Philippines - 1642 Words

PHILIPPINE Alternative Learning System (ALS) AE Sunday, June 13, 2010 The Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a free education program implemented by the Department of Education (DepEd) under the Bureau of Alternative Learning System which benefits those who cannot afford formal schooling and follows whatever is their available schedule. The program provides a viable alternative to the existing formal education instruction, encompassing both the non-formal and informal sources of knowledge and skills. How does it work In ALS, students have to attend 10 months of school or 800 hours in the classroom. Then their performance are then assessed. Since ALS is a module-based learning system, students come in on a set time and choose a†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ · You should be ready with the required documents: your birth certificate, a certification from the school you last attended (if you previously went to school) that you were unable to complete the secondary level. 3. What level of Accreditation Equivalency (AE) is currently being offered at the eSkwela Centers? Currently, secondary AE (AE at the secondary level of education) is initially being offered at the eSkwela Centers. The elementary AE will be offered soon after the elementary e-modules are developed. 4. Is there a test I have to take in order to qualify as an eSkwela learner? Yes, the eSkwela Center will have you take a Functional Literacy Test (FLT), which will assess the actual level of education you have acquired. 5. Am I automatically accepted as an eSkwela learner if I already completed my elementary education? Your chances of acceptance as an eSkwela learner could be higher if you have already completed your elementary education, BUT you will still have to qualify through the FLT. 7. Do I need to know how to use a computer before I can be accepted as an eSkwela learner? 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Implementation of a Health Program Free Essays

The â€Å"American Cancer Society† has come up with â€Å"Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention† (American Cancer Society, 2008, pp. 1 – 11). The purpose of the aforementioned is to â€Å"reduce the risk of cancer† through â€Å"healthy food choices†, as well as, â€Å"physical activity† (American Cancer Society, 2008, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Implementation of a Health Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 – 11). The guidelines provided addresses questions of countless individuals who are quite confused by â€Å"several studies or news reports† which are not usually peer-reviewed or not really â€Å"official† (American Cancer Society, 2008, pp. 1 – 11). Although answering the questions would help greatly, this program of the â€Å"American Cancer Society† should still undergo a process of implementation so that people will be motivated to look deeper into the guidelines, as well as, to practice them in order to â€Å"reduce the risk of cancer† (American Cancer Society, 2008, pp. 1 – 11). Before these guidelines are to be fully implemented, there are certain factors needed to be considered (American Cancer Society, 2008, pp. 1 – 11). Some of these factors are the following: 1) leading the implementation; 2) time frame; 3) staff qualifications; 4) staff responsibilities; 5) training; 6) supervision/support; 7) funds; and 8) advocacy (American Cancer Society, 2008, pp. 1 – 11). Leading the Implementation It is very important to assign an individual to â€Å"lead the implementation† (Illness Management and Recovery, 2003, pp. 1 – 6). The leader should be well aware of the program or guidelines and should have mastered all aspects of the guidelines (Illness Management and Recovery, 2003, pp. 1 – 6). He or she should also be supported by those in a higher position, as well as, respected by the subordinates (Illness Management and Recovery, 2003, pp. 1 – 6). Time Frame After a leader is chosen for the implementation, â€Å"time-frame† should also be settled (Illness Management and Recovery, 2003, pp. 1 – 6). This entails the time needed in training those who will play a role in the implementation of the program (Illness Management and Recovery, 2003, pp. 1 – 6). For instance, three months is required to extensively educate and motivate the individuals who will play a part in the implementation (Illness Management and Recovery, 2003, pp. 1 – 6). How to cite Implementation of a Health Program, Papers

Analyze Nonfinancial Information And Their Impact On The Economies

Question: Discuss about the Nonfinancial Information And Their Impact On The Economies. Answer: Introduction The process of business reporting is an important aspect for the business organizations as it helps the stakeholders of the organizations know about the business operatic and financial position about the companies (Council, 2014). During the past two decades, several initiatives have been taken to improve the process of business reporting for the businesses. One such step is to disclose more nonfinancial information of the organizations in the annual report. The reason of doing so is that investors all over the world are considering the nonfinancial information of the organizations at the time of investments (Dhaliwal et al., 2012).). Hence, one cannot ignore the growing importance of nonfinancial information of the business organizations. It can be seen that there are different kinds of nonfinancial information in the business organizations that have significant impact on the economic aspects of the businesses. The main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate the various aspec ts of nonfinancial information and their impact on the economies. Identification and Discussion of the Nature of Nonfinancial Information In the business era of twenty-first centuries, Nonfinancial Reporting is one of the major concepts. Nonfinancial Reporting, commonly known as Sustainability Reporting refers to the process of disclosing the nonfinancial data and information of the business organizations. In a business organization, different kinds of nonfinancial information are there. They are corporate social responsibility reporting; environment, social and governance (ESG) reporting: environmental reporting: social reporting: green banking disclosures and others. The nature of these aspects is discussed under: Corporate Social Responsibility refers to a specific corporate management approach that helps in the application of various sustainability values in the business organizations. The main objective of corporate social responsibility reporting or CSR reporting is the promotion of social welfare in the business organizations and outside the business organizations. The process of corporate social responsibility in the organizations assists in the employment of various ethical business concepts and supports in the preservation of the nature in which the business organizations operate (Cheng, Ioannou Serafeim, 2014). Another important nonfinancial reporting factor is Environmental, Social and Governance Reporting (ESG Reporting). As per the recent tread all over the world, the investor all over the globe are considering the environmental, social and governing factors in the annual reports of the organizations as material factors in the process of investment decision-making. ESG deals with a wide range of impacts on the investment factors. Some of the major issues that ESG deals with are change in the business regulations, various business ethics, operational strategies and many others (Murphy McGrath, 2013). The next nonfinancial factor is the process of environmental reporting. Environmental reporting refers to the production of narrative as well as enumerative information on the different kinds of environmental initiatives of the business organizations. The narrative information in the process of environmental reporting is used to provide explanations and reasons to fail in the environmental initiatives against the previous years (Bouten, Everaert Roberts, 2012). On the other hand, numerical environmental disclosure is needed for the reporting of various types of environmental initiatives. Another most important aspect is the process of social reporting. Social reporting is the process of the reporting of some major activities of the business organizations that have significant effects on the society and environment. On a more precise note, social reporting is the process of reporting and measuring the information that has impact on the society (Hys Hawrysz, 2012). There are differen t kinds of business activities of the businesses that have negative impacts on the society. Hence, it is the responsibility of the business organizations to report all these activities along with the impact of them in the annual reports. Another important aspect is the process of green banking disclosures. The main objective of the policy of green banking is to protect the earth from various environmental calamities like global warming, increase in carbon emission, scarcity of natural resources and others. The policy of green banking has become vastly popular all over the world (Bahl, 2012). Identification and Discussion of the Nature of Economic Consequences In the business organizations, both financial and nonfinancial information have their own significance. In this process, one can simply not ignore the impact of nonfinancial information on the economic factors like the debt market and the capital market. There is a deep relationship between the stock prices and the sentiment of the investors. Various nonfinancial events affect both the capital and debt market like macroeconomic releases, environmental changes all over the globe and many others. It has been seen that inventors all over the world are considering the various news of the companies regarding the nonfinancial information at the time of making the investment-decision (Cohen et al., 2012). The investors are considering the fact that this nonfinancial information has the power to affect the debt as well as capital market. There is not any place to doubt the fact that financial reporting has a significant importance on the economic factors of the organizations. However, lookin g at the growing importance of the various sustainable and environmental factors, the nonfinancial information and the nonfinancial reporting are playing significant part in the economic aspects of both the investors and the companies. It can be seen that business organizations having effective sustainable reporting procedures have shares with higher prices and their shares are trading on an effective basis. The reason is that people all over the world have started taking the various environmental aspects seriously. Hence, it can be said that nonfinancial information has impacts on the economic aspects like the capital and debt market (Dhaliwal et al., 2012). Reporting Procedures of Nonfinancial Information Business organizations need to follow certain structure, framework and regulations at the time of the reporting of nonfinancial information. GRI is one of the major frameworks that is followed all over the globe for the reporting of nonfinancial information. Another major principle that is followed at the time of reporting the nonfinancial information is the Account Ability AA1000 Principle Standards 2008 (AA1000APS). It can be seen that there is an important update in the GRI framework and it has converted to GRI-G3 framework. This latest framework has been useful for the organizations to support the sustainability reporting of them. Apart from the GRI framework, certain principles are there for the reporting of nonfinancial information. The principle of inclusivity states that the business organizations should be accountable to the stakeholders for disclosing all the nonfinancial information of the business organizations. In this regard, AA1000APS is an important aspect. The next p rinciple if materiality (Bhaduri Selarka, 2016). The materiality principles state that the nonfinancial information need to be material and hence, they should influence the in the process of investment decision-making. As per the principle of responsiveness, it is the responsibility of the organizations to provide accurate and dependable nonfinancial information to its stakeholders. As per the principle of completeness as per GRI-G3, the provided nonfinancial information to the stakeholders of the organizations needs to be complete in nature. Apart from the principles, another most important aspect is assurance. As per ISAE 3000 and AA1000APS 2008, the nonfinancial information needs two types of assurance (Simnett, 2012). They are reasonable or high assurance and limited or moderate assurance. Based on the nature of the nonfinancial information, the level of assurance is provided. These are the major components of nonfinancial information reporting that are needed in the reporting process. Integration The above discussion states that the disclosure of nonfinancial information has become a major requirement for the business organization. There are different procedures of disclosing the nonfinancial information of a business organization; they are corporate social responsibility reporting; environment, social and governance (ESG) reporting: environmental reporting: social reporting: green banking disclosures and other. The main objective behind all these reporting procedures is to properly disclosed the nonfinancial information of the organizations. All this nonfinancial information has massive impact on different economic factious like the debt market, capital market and others. It can be seen that the investor of the companies put a close view on the sustainability reporting of the business organization as the nonfinancial information plays an important role on their investment decision-making process. This is the reason the share prices of the organizations depends on the disclos ure of the nonfinancial information. Hence, it is the responsibility of the business organizations to follow all the required principles and framework at the time of reporting the nonfinancial information. The organizations need to follow the GRI-G3 and AA1000APS 2008 framework for the reporting of nonfinancial information. The required principles in this regard are inclusivity, materiality, responsiveness, completeness and others along with necessary assurance. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that the process of the reporting of nonfinancial information for the business organizations is a major aspect that has impact on the economic factors of the organizations. It is the responsibility of the organizations to disclose all the nonfinancial information to the potential investors as they play an integral part on the investment decision of the investors. Hence, the business organizations need to comply with all the principles and with the necessary framework for the reporting of nonfinancial information. This process is beneficial for both the organizations and their stakeholders. References Bahl, S. (2012). Green banking-The new strategic imperative.Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management,2(2), 176-185. Bhaduri, S. N., Selarka, E. (2016). Corporate Social ResponsibilityGuidelines and Best Practices. InCorporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Indian Companies(pp. 33-42). Springer Singapore. Bouten, L., Everaert, P., Roberts, R. W. (2012). How a Two?Step Approach Discloses Different Determinants of Voluntary Social and Environmental Reporting.Journal of BusinessFinance Accounting,39(5?6), 567-605. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 1-23. Cohen, J. R., Holder-Webb, L. L., Nath, L., Wood, D. (2012). Corporate reporting of nonfinancial leading indicators of economic performance and sustainability.Accounting Horizons,26(1), 65-90. Council, F. R. (2014). Guidance on Risk Management, Internal Control and Related Financial and Business Reporting. Dhaliwal, D. S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A., Yang, Y. G. (2012). Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), 723-759. Dhaliwal, D. S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A., Yang, Y. G. (2012). Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), 723-759. Hys, K., Hawrysz, L. (2012). Corporate social responsibility reporting.China-USA Business Review,11(11). Murphy, D., McGrath, D. (2013). ESG reportingclass actions, deterrence, and avoidance.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,4(2), 216-235. Simnett, R. (2012). Assurance of sustainability reports: Revision of ISAE 3000 and associated research opportunities.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,3(1), 89-98.